History of Film Film Distribution Free Essays

There were many changes in marketing and distribution of films from end of the silent period to the modern digital period. There was a studio system that existed at the end of the silent period and collapsed in 1949 with a court ruling. During this same time a sales era of marketing existed. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Film: Film Distribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the Second World War the sales era was replaced with a new way of thinking and sales and marketing were not synonymous anymore. Marketing after World War II meant finding out what consumers’ needs and wants were and providing them with products to satisfy those needs and wants. Globalization began to occur rapidly in the 90’s and expansion in foreign market meant marketers had to concentrate on this market more than they had in the past. The digital period also meant changes of first runs and second runs for films. The studio system was a means of film production and distribution dominant in Hollywood from the early 1920s through the early 1950s.The term studio system refers to the practice of large motion picture studios (a) producing movies primarily on their own filmmaking lots with creative personnel under often long-term contract and (b) pursuing vertical integration through ownership or effective control of distributors and movie theaters, guaranteeing additional sales of films through manipulative booking techniques. A 1948 Supreme Court ruling against those distribution and exhibition pr actices hastened the end of the studio system.In 1954, the last of the operational links between a major production studio and theater chain was broken and the era of the studio system was officially dead. The period lasted from the introduction of sound to the court ruling and the beginning of the studio breakups; about 1927 to 1954, when the studios no longer participated in the theatre business. During the Golden Age, eight companies comprised the so-called major studios responsible for the studio system.Of these eight, five were fully integrated conglomerates, combining ownership of a production studio, distribution division, and substantial theater chain, and contracting with performers and filmmaking personnel: Fox (later 20th Century-Fox), Loew’s Incorporated (owner of America’s largest theater circuit and parent company to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Paramount Pictures, RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum), and Warner Bros. Two majors, Universal Pictures and Columbia Pictures were similarly organized, though they never owned more than small theater circuits.The eighth of the Golden Age majors, United Artists, owned a few theaters and had access to two production facilities owned by members of its controlling partnership group, but it functioned primarily as a backer-distributor, loaning money to independent producers and releasing their films. The ranking of the Big Five in terms of profitability (closely related to market share) was largely consistent during the Golden Age: MGM was number one eleven years running, 1931 to 41.With the exception of 1932 when all the companies but MGM lost money. One of the techniques used to support the studio system was block booking, a system of selling multiple films to a theater as a unit. Such a unit, frequently twenty films, typically included no more than a few quality movies, the rest perceived as low-grade filler to bolster the studio’s finances. On May 4, 1948, in a federal antitrust suit known as the Paramount case but brought against the entire Big Five, the U. S. Supreme Court specifically outlawed block booking.Holding that the conglomerates were indeed in violation of antitrust, the justices refrained from making a final decision as to how that fault should be remedied, but the case was sent back to the lower court from which it had come with language that suggested divorcement the complete separation of exhibition interests from producer-distributor operations was the answer. The Big Five, though, seemed united in their determination to fight on and drag out legal proceedings for years as they had already proven adept at after all, the Paramount suit had originally been filed on July 20, 1938. The sales era is called the sales era because many companies’ main priority was to move their products out of the factory using a variety of selling techniques. The sales era lasted from the early 20’s to the end of the World War II. Compare this to the cinema and both the sales era and studio system era align closing on a time period. During The sales era, companies felt that they could enhance their sales by using a variety of promotional techniques designed to inform potential customers about and/or persuade them to buy their products. This type of thinking was initiated by the economic climate of the time.The selling concepts related markets that already existed, where globalization hadn’t yet occurred and creating profit pools hadn’t even been thought of yet. However October 29, 1929—†Black Tuesday†Ã¢â‚¬â€marked the beginning of the Great Depression. This was the single most devastating financial day in the history of the New York Stock Exchange. Within the first few hours that the stock market was open, prices fell so far as to wipe out all the gains that had been made in the previous year. Since the stock market was viewed as the chief indicator of the American economy, public confidence was shattered.Between October 29 and November 13 (when stock prices hit their lowest point), more than $30 billion disappeared from the American economy— comparable to the total amount the United States had spent on its involvement in World War I (Schultz, 1999). The amount of disposable and discretionary income that consumers had to spend on necessities and luxuries also decreased dramatically as the unemployment rate approached 25 percent. Companies found that they could no longer sell all the products that they produced, even though prices had been lowered via mass production.Firms now had to get rid of their excess products in order to convert those products into cash. In order to get rid of products, many firms developed sales forces and relied on personal selling, advertising signs, and singing commercials on the radio to â€Å"move† the product. Theodore Levitt(1960), a prominent marketing scholar, has noted that these firms were not necessarily concerned with satisfying the customer, but rather with selling the product. This sales orientation dominated business practice through the 1930s until World War II, when most firms’ manufacturing facilities were adapted to making machinery and equipment for the war effort.Of course, the war dramatically changed the environment within which business was conducted. This also changed companies’ philosophies of doing business. The marketing concept era, a crucial change in management philosophy can be linked to the shift from a seller’s market, where there were more buyers for few good and services, to a buyer’s market, where there were more goods and services than people were willing to buy them. When World War II ended, factories stopped manufacturing war supplies and started turning out consumer products again, an activity that had practically stopped during the war. The relationship marketing era follows the marketing concept era. Relationship marketing succeeds the marketing concept era; however most firms are still practicing the marketing concept use of marketing. The advent of a strong buyers market created the need for consumer orientation by businesses. Companies had to market good and services, not just produce them, but sell them to. This realization has been identified as the emergence of the marketing concept. Marketing would no longer be regarded as supplemental activity performed after completion of the production process. Instead, the marketer ould play a leading role in product planning. Marketing and selling would no longer be synonymous terms. Today’s fully developed marketing concept is a companywide consumer with the objective of achieving long-run success. All facets and all levels of management of the organization must contribute first to assessing and then to satisfying customer wants and needs. Even during tough economic times, when companies tend to emphasize cutting costs and boosting revenues, the marketing concept focuses on the objective of achieving long-run success instead of short term profits.The firm’s survival and growth are built into the marketing concept; companywide consumer orientation should lead to greater long-run profits. Gone With the Wind, released December 15th 1939, was no doubt a cash cow. In the film’s 8th closing week it had already earned $5,567,000, where it began to see profit. By June 1st 1940 the film had already made its year and half goal of over 20 million; a very sizeable profit for the producers of the film. It did however require a large amount of investment from its producer David O. Selznick, of almost 4 million in production costs, and another million in marketing expenses.Adjusted for inflation it would have nearly been 50 million in production costs alone. David Selznick must have known his film was going to be a big hit. He paid $50,000 for the rights to a New York Times bestselling book. If the film was going to do as well as the book he knew he was going to see a large profit from his cash cow. It wasn’t common to have a worldwide release during the studio system era like it is today. Typically films would be released in their native country first and then a few months later it would be released in countries with speaking languages the same as the country of origin.In North America the first run of a film refers to the exhibition of theatres it would play in. A first run of a film would only play in the major cities in the downtown areas in the â€Å"de luxe† first run film theatre. These theatres would seat anywhere between 1500 to 5000 people in one room to one screen. This is of course before the days of digitization where people can view the film on DVD, and before the days of multiplexes. First run films had a higher ticket premium than that of second run or subsequent runs of the film. Gone With the Wind is said to have charged $0. 5 for a matinee viewing of the film and up to $2. 20 at Manhattan’s Astor in its first run. Compare this to the $0. 23 average ticket price in that year, the price was very high. Gone With the Wind’s first run lasted two and half years and was seen by 203 million people. It played in 156 theatres in 150 cities domestically. Gone With the Wind was eventually released around the world. Box office revenue for foreign release is much harder to calculate. Gone With the Wind made $30 million in domestic revenue and $19 million in foreign revenue in its first run.Adjusted for inflation that amount would total about $755,821,500. 00 today. (Dollar Times) Most of Gone With the Wind’s came from domestic revenue, about 63. 3 percent. Enter 2009. Many things have changed. Firstly a new marketing era is now in place. The studio system has collapsed. Globalization is not a competitive advantage of the studio system period, it is a competitive necessity. Films that do not compete in the global market do not compete at all. First runs last only weeks, months if the film is a really big hit. First runs are not only in the downtown theatres but also in the neighborhood theatres, and now in the muitlplex theatres. A second run in today’s language is when the film hits the new release section of the rental shop. In its third month Avatar is a big hit. At the time of this writing it is still playing in its first run. How does it compare to Gone With the Wind? Avatar is currently being seen on 3,452 theatres in hundreds of countries. Estimated to cost $280 million to make Avatar is much more expensive to make, even for adjusting inflation that Gone With the Wind.Currently domestic box office revenue is $710,842,764, and its foreign box office revenue amounts to $1,839,000,000. This is prove of the globalization of the cinema industry. The majority of the box office revenue no longer comes from domestic revenue but rather from the foreign market. Avatar is not only seen on the traditional 2D screens that Gone With the Wind was but it also seen on 3D screens, and IMAX screens, allowing for price alterations between the different formats the film is viewed in. It will be interesting to see how Avatar does when it ends its first run and enters its second run.A film that has ended its first run and second run is much more accurate to compare with Gone With the Wind since the film would have been shown at neighborhood theatres two and half years after it was first released. Titanic was released in 1997 and has ended both its first and second run. How did these two films compare? Titanic’s production budget was $200 million compared to Gone With the Wind’s adjusted for inflation budget of 50 million. Total gross revenue for Titanic has reached $1,843,201,268, while Gone With the Wind has reached $400,176,459.Adjusted for inflation Titanic would have reached nearly 3 billion in total gross revenue at $2,996,049,690. If Gone With the Wind were adjusted for total gross revenue it would reach $3,099,918,548. Total gross revenue includes first run, second run, and all other revenue that comes from the film, including T. V rights, rentals, VHS and DVD sales. It can be concluded that the importance of globalization in the film industry is more important now than it was during the studio system period. The way in which films are exhibited today is very different than it was during the studio period. First run theatres do not exist in the same way they did during the studio system period. Second runs of films were in theatres and now they are a way in which the audience may view the film on their terms, following the marketing concept idea. Consumers choose the way in which they consume products. The industry adapts to this and finds new ways to market their ideas and invents new products for the consumer to consume.Works Cited ‘Avatar’ Passes ‘Titanic’s’ Overseas Record. The Hollywood Reporter, 24 Jan. 2010. Web. . Boone, Louis E. and David L. Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. [Mason, Ohio]: Thomson South-Western, 2006. Print. Box Office, Associated Publications. â€Å"What If the Government Wins Its Suit? † Editorial. Boxoffice 1 June 1940. Print. Crane, Fredrick G. , Roger A. Kerin, Steven W. Hartley, Eric N. Berkowitz, and William Rudelius. Marketing 6th Canadian Edition. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2006. Print. Frankly, My Dear â€Å"Gone with the Wind† Revisited. Yale University Press, 9 Feb. 2009. Web. . HBrothers. â€Å"Inflation Calculator The Changing Value of a Dollar. Web. IMDb. com, Inc. â€Å"Avatar, Titanic, Gone With the WInd. † Avatar, Titanic, Gone With the WInd. IMDb. com, Inc. , 4 Mar. 2010. Web. . King, Clyde Lyndon, Frank A. Tichenor, and Gordon S. Watkins. The Motion Picture in Its Economic and Social Aspects. New York: Arno, 1970. Print. Rebecca Keegan, Rebecca. â€Å"How Much Did Avatar Really Cost? † Vanity Fair 22 Dec. 2009: 112. Print. Shindler, Colin. Hollywood in Crisis: Cinema and American Society, 1929-1939. London: Routledge, 1996. Print. TIME. â€Å"SHOW BUSINESS: Record Wind. † TIME How to cite History of Film: Film Distribution, Papers

Business Economics Economy of UAE

Question: Discuss about the Business Economics for economy of UAE? Answer: Introduction: The article discusses the overall effects on the economy of UAE due to the winning of the recent bid to host the Expo 2020. Since 1851s first Great Fair, the World Expos are continuing to be one of the biggest enduring worldwide mega-events. The world Expos are very much attractive to invite billions of visitors exploring and discovering exhibitions, cultural events that are staged by the participants including different nations. The theme of the World Expo in Dubai is held considering the topic of Connecting Minds, Creating the future. It echoes the partnership spirits and co-operation that drive UAE's success to pioneer new innovative paths for growth and development. In the Expo 2020, the theme induces Dubai to serve as a catalyst that connects minds from all over the world inspiring participants for mobilizing with the challenges taken in the world Expo. The Arabian economy has recovered from the recession gathering momentum in the past couple of years, which was mainly driven by strong growth in travel and tourism, transport, manufacturing industries as the construction sectors have also overcome from the fall in growth. The later sections discuss the analysis of falling oil price and its effects due to this fall in price. Also, the effect of winning in the Expo 2020 is described and discussed. Arabian Economy overview: The economy of UAE is considered as the second largest economy in the Arab world with a high GDP of $570 billion, reported in 2014. The diversifying economy has a huge resource of natural gas and crude oil (Kilian 2016). Therefore, its GDP depends vastly upon the production of oil and revenues gained from them. Especially in Abu Dhabi, the production of petroleum and natural gas plays a very important role in gaining the revenue. In 2009, from the studies, it was noted that almost 85% of the government budget surplus was from the rising oil exports (Nusair 2016). Source: Annual Statistical Bulletin, 2015 The above data are related to overall macroeconomic parameter details of the economy of UAE. According to the data, above 40 per cent of the countrys gross domestic product is yielded from the output of crude oil and natural gas. The discovery of oil has made the economy privileged in terms of GDP in the world market (Al Sabah et al. 2016). Effect of winning in Expo 2020: Expo 2020 is the universally registered exposition time panel designed by the Bureau of International Expositions, Paris, held on November 27, 2013. Dubai in Arabian economy won the right to organize the Expo 2020. Dubai Expo 2020 is going to be a long half-yearly exhibition of trade, innovation from all around the globe in the UAE economy. According to the economists, though the size of Dubai is small, the expo will come with a huge economic impact. The analysis also predicts that the event will make the real estate market increase that is already at an upward rising position. It is expected that Dubai Expo 2020 will attract around 25 millions of visitors, including estimated 70 percent from overseas. The World Expo is expected to be considered as the worlds third biggest global event concerning economic as well as social and cultural impact, in comparison with the FIFA world cup and the Olympic Games. This Expo is going to be the first in which maximum of the visitors stalk and try to go beyond the nations territory. It is expected to run from 20th October 2020 to 10th April 2021, launching the Golden Jubilee celebration of the country (Edizel 2013). This is expected to serve as a new inauguration in progressive as well as sustainable growth prospective in the coming decades. As a global event attracting millions of visitors, a significant amount of dirhams is expected to be added in the country's GDP, though the actual scenario is very much difficult for prediction (Singh 2015.). Analysts predict a generation of around $23 billion for the UAE that equates the GDP of Dubai almost around 24.4 percent between 2015 and 2021. Besides, it is expected to boost the overall growth of the economy of Arab at an average of 6 percent every year from 2014 to 2016. The overall rise in an enormous 10 percent by 2020 is estimated (Khan and Agha 2015). These predictions are done by considering total estimated government expenditure; expenditure by the participants involved i.e. the visitors and commercial activities to promote the event. The UAE government is likely to invest a much substantial amount of money for strengthening the infrastructure hosting the development programs. It is estimated that an amount of around $8.7 billion is expected to be invested in the event, where a specifically huge amount is predicted to be benefitted after Dubai closes its doors in 2021 (Jauncey and Nadkarni 2014). According to some analysts, it is reported that the economy is going to attract around $150 billion of foreign direct investment with a range of industries, in which hospitality, tourism, and real estate are identified (Chambers 2015.). Effect of fall in oil price: During the global recession period, Dubai affected from a very significant economic slow-down and it was rescued by the Abu Dhabis petrodollars. Dubai is in a situation of extreme debt. The falling of oil price caused a massive fall in real GDP of the entire economy of UAE (Narayana and Abraham 2014). The economy also depends vastly upon tourism. Therefore, though it has a decreased its dependence upon natural resources, it still takes into account the production of crude oil and natural gas. The United Arab Emirates is a participant of the World Trade Organization and OPEC. The economy has acquired third ranking in term of GDP, which is gained from oil revenues (Al-Malkawi et al. 2013). As a much-diversified economy, it is very much reliant on oil production and exports. Therefore, the massive recession has caused enormous fall in GDP growth rate. Now, let us consider the data on oil rents affecting GDP of the UAE economy. The percentage of GDP from oil rents is calculated. Oil rents are the difference between the value of crude oil production at world prices and total costs of production. Estimates based on sources and methods described in "The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium" (World Bank, 2011). Figure: oil rent as percentage share of GDP from 1990-2015 Source: the World Bank Data, 2015 The fall in oil prices reduces the cost of living as the oil-related costs of transports fall directly, with a low inflation rate and low standard of living (Fowowe 2013). This fall in the cost of living induces the people of the economy to be left with more disposable income. Theoretically, a fall in oil price is like a tax cut that leads to greater spending on other consumable products that are added up into the GDP (Mohaddes and Raissi 2016). Thus, there are two macroeconomic impacts for fall in oil prices; one is lower inflation and another one in higher output, which is shown in the diagram below. Figure: shift in short-run supply curve due to lowering oil prices Regarding oil importers, they benefit from the fall in price as oil imports drop with a reduction in current account deficits of the oil importers (Chapman 2014). However, for a country like UAE of which almost 80 percent of the GDP is acquired from oil and natural resources, the fall in oil prices for the protection of oil markets will in turn cause a devaluation in the long-run. This fall in oil prices could affect reversely by an increase in the use of car and purchase of cars (Viscusci et al. 2014). Thus, lower oil prices are entertained by the consumers of UK as it causes a rise in disposable income of the consumers. Conclusion: The article has discussed the position of the economy of UAE that has won the Export 2020. Studies predict that this will come with a very big economic impact on the economy. Dubai Expo 2020 is going to be a long half-yearly exhibition of trade, innovation from all around the globe in the UAE economy (Radwan and Milhem 2015). According to the economists, though the size of Dubai is small, the expo will come with a huge economic impact. The analysis also predicts that the event will make the real estate market increase that is already at an upward rising position. In addition, the effects of fall in the price of oil are discussed, as the economy is very much dependent upon crude oil, natural gasses i.e. the natural resources. References: Kilian, L., 2016. The Impact of the Fracking Boom on Arab Oil Producers. Nusair, S.A., 2016. The effects of oil price shocks on the economies of the Gulf Co-operation Council countries: Nonlinear analysis.Energy Policy,91, pp.256-267. Al Sabah, K.J., Palliam, R. and Al Salem, A., 2016. Sustaining Standard of Living Amidst Volatile Oil Prices-Lessons from the Gulf Countries.Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development,15(1), pp.101-118. Chapman, I., 2014. The end of Peak Oil? Why this topic is still relevant despite recent denials.Energy Policy,64, pp.93-101. Viscusci, G., Patel, T. and Kennedy, S., 2014. Oil at $40 Possible as Market Transforms Caracas to Iran.Bloomberg Business,1 Mohaddes, K. and Raissi, M., 2016. The US Oil Supply Revolution and the Global Economy.. Fowowe, B., 2013. Jump dynamics in the relationship between oil prices and the stock market: Evidence from Nigeria.Energy,56, pp.31-38. Al-Malkawi, H.A.N. and Pillai, R., 2013. The impact of financial crisis on UAE real estate and construction sector: analysis and implications.Humanomics,29(2), pp.115-135. Narayana, D. and Abraham, V., 2014. The Dubai Model and the Impact of the Financial Crisis on South Asian Migrant Workers in the United Arab Emirates.India Migration Report 2012: Global Financial Crisis, Migration and Remittances, p.94 Chambers, K., 2015. Dropping Oil Prices: The Effects of Oil Price Changes. Jauncey, S. and Nadkarni, S., 2014. Expo 2020: What must Dubais hospitality and tourism industry do to be ready pre-and post-event?.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,6(4), pp.381-386. Khan, S.H. and Agha, S., 2015. Impact of FDI in UAE over the main elements of sustainable development: economy and environment.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS),6(7), pp.263-267. Radwan, S.F. and Milhem, M.N., 2015. Knowledge Management Towards Connecting MindsA Proposed Concept for Expo 2020.Journal of Information Knowledge Management, p.1550029. Singh, B., 2015. Smart city-smart life-Dubai Expo 2020.An Experience of Bangladeshi Garment Industry. Edizel, ., 2013. Mega-events as a place marketing strategy in entrepreneurial cities: ÄÂ °zmir's EXPO 2015 candidacy as a roadmap for hosting EXPO 2020.Town Planning Review,84(5), pp.633-657.

Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance Essay Example Essay Example

Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example Paper Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance Essay Introduction In this essay, I am going to evaluate the effect of job satisfaction on work performance. It is not the first time that this topic has been investigated. There is a lot of past research which link these two variables. The topic is still a live one and is even more important in the twenty-first century given the longer working hours culture. A recent survey show that a great number of workers lack job satisfaction these days compared with a decade ago. Today companies intent on achieving growth and profitability need to consider job satisfaction as it not only saves costs in terms of staff retention but may also increase profitability due to increased staff performance. In order to achieve these aims the modern manager needs to understand what motivates his workers, what job satisfaction means to them, how it can be measured and how it can be implemented practically in the workplace. Some studies found that there is no link between those two criterions whereas other studies found that there is a slight link. For example, (Iaffaldano, and Muchinsky 1985) have found and described Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Body Paragraphs link between satisfaction and performance as a link between two factors that logically or intuitively should connect but in reality do not. On the other hand, (Judge and Thoresen and Bono and Patton 2001) have found that satisfaction and performance are only slightly related. Next, I described value percept theory and job characteristics. In 1976, (Hackman and Oldham) argue that skill variety; task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback result in high level of three psychological states, making work tasks more satisfying. Then, (Schleicher, Watt Greguras 2004) argue that satisfaction might lead to performance, and performance might lead to satisfaction. In addition, studies of life satisfaction have found that job satisfaction is directly connected with life satisfaction (e.g. Adams, King, King, 1996 p. 242). . Further, there is evidence linking job satisfaction to citizenship behaviour commitment (Hoffman, Blair, Meriac, and Woeher 2007). In summary, I concluded opinio n that generally happy employee work and perform better, however it depend on many factors, and it is associated with many aspects of our life. In 1964, Vroom revised 20 studies and came up with the result that there is a small relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Twenty years later Iaffaldano and Muchinsky reviewed over 200 studies and reported similar findings. They said that their ought to be a link between satisfaction and performance but in reality there was not. In regard of job satisfaction is a factor in the organizational behaviour along with job performance, a human brain prompt that the two must be related together. (Judge, Thoresen, Bono and Patton) made a greater and more complex meta-analysis in 2001. Judge et al conducted a through meta-analysis of 312 studies. Their results were different to that of Vroom and Iaffaldano and Muchinsky. Judge asserted that the reason that this was so because previous studies had focused on managers ratings of staff pe rformance which were not always accurate. Further, the performance ratings used had often been produced for organisational purposes rather than to measure job satisfaction. This can produce inaccuracy in performance measurement. Relationship of satisfaction with performance would be stronger if more measures that are accurate were used According to the value percept theory job satisfaction depends on whether or not a worker receive from his or her boss the things that are important to them. That said, it is probably uncontroversial to assert that job satisfaction will have an impact on a worker’s performance and on his or her commitment to his or her organisation. If a worker is satisfied in and with your job and experience pleasant feelings while you are on duty, you may execute your job better because positive emotions are usually empowering. On the other hand, when a worker is dissatisfied in his or her job negative feelings may result which become evidence in the way in w hich the role is performed. This leads to consideration of why one worker might enjoy a certain role while another worker hates the same role. Investigation has found that workers are satisfied when the employer provides them with the things that they value (Value Theory). According to the Value Percept Theory, value play important role in job satisfaction. Values are those things which workers wittingly or unwittingly want to seek or attain. Workers’ frequently evaluate their job satisfaction according to specific criteria such as pay, promotion, the extent to which they are supervision, their relations with co-workers, and the work itself. In addition, different people value different things. This depends on age, culture, background, country, etc. A number of studies suggest that satisfaction with work itself is the strongest driver of overall job satisfaction. Researcher began focusing on those issues in the 1950 and 1960, and come up with the result that boring jobs may b e easier, but not absolutely better. One of the most influential of the theories that relate to the nature of jobs to performance is (Hackman and Oldham’s jobs characteristics theory 1976). This theory is based on assumption that people can be motivated by intrinsic nature of job tasks. Research suggests that three psychological states make work satisfying. For example if you think about times when you felt proud of a job well done, you were probably experiencing all three psychological states. You were aware of the results, you felt you were somehow responsible for that result, and felt that the result of the work was somehow meaningful. According to (Schleicher, Watt, Greguras, 2004) there is evidence linking job satisfaction to job performance but there are two opposite explanations. Firstly, satisfied employees who like their jobs work much harder and perform better, to fulfilling the duties described in their job description. Secondly, job performance might link to satis faction. Another important issue concerns that contribution of job satisfaction to overall life satisfaction. We can use as an example situation when you meet a new people for the first time, the first question that people ask after being introduced is what do you do? Where are you working? Why it is happen? It is because the most of the time in our live we spent at work. You probably feel better about your life when you feel better about your job. Very often people bring work home and vice versa. Unhappy worker when comes back home bring together with him or her bad mood and dissatisfaction. Opposite situation occurs when you are satisfied in your family life, you are arguably satisfied in your work (Adams at el 1996). For most people, the job is an important component of life, providing not only resources of life, but a sense of purpose and social contact as well. It is inevitable that people will react emotionally to workplace events and situations. The expression of emotion at w ork can sometimes be an important part of the job. did a research on fourteen workers. They were asked to complete rates of their mood and satisfaction on a thousand occasions of stressful events. A result showed that positive emotions were associated with greater job satisfaction; and the stressful events led to emotions that are more negative. There is also support evidence noted that positive emotions improve creativity, higher job performance, less withdrawn, and contextual performance (Ashkanasay, Hartel, and Daus 2002). Happy employees engage in behaviours to help their co-workers and their organization. Meta analyses of organizational behaviour commitment suggest that Organizational Citizen Behaviour is most probably when people are satisfied with their jobs, have good relations with their co workers and managers, and feel they are treated fairly (Hoffman, Blair, Meriac, Woeher, 2007 ). There are benefits of these behaviours in terms of the effectiveness of work. Higher level s of citizenship behaviour promoted higher satisfaction and higher performance quality. Job satisfaction is also connected with normative commitment. Happy workers feel an obligation to repay the company whatever it is that makes them satisfied. Satisfied employee usually wants to stay with the organization for a longer period. In summary, Happy workers work and perform better. Researchers have put a considerable amount of effort into attempts to demonstrate that the two are positively related At a general level, workers are satisfied when their job provides the things that they value. Many of those values deal with the things that your work can give you. In addition, according to the value percept theory job satisfaction depends on whether or not a worker receives from his or her boss the things that are important to them. Research has linked job satisfaction to a number of environment variables. Job satisfaction has been shown to correlate with job characteristics. Not only does j ob satisfaction have an impact on a individual’s working life but in addition it may well be the case that job satisfaction is highly correlated with life satisfaction for the simple reason that people spend a large proportion of their time at work. Mood and emotions are important factors in job satisfaction, The experience of positive emotions by employees on the job can have positive effects on employees and organizations, whereas the experience of negative emotions can have the opposite effects Sometimes workers go the extra step by engaging in behaviours that are not in their job description. Organizational commitment is another attitudinal variable that is popular among researcher. Commitment concerns the workers attachment to the organization. It correlates strongly with job satisfaction We will write a custom essay sample on Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Lakota Wars

The Lakota Wars Free Online Research Papers Tensions were building and with expansion of Americans to the West, it only added to further the atomicity of the Indian towards the whites. What also added fuel to the fire were the corrupt agents that switched Indian traders with their own. After news of the Sand Creek Massacre reached the Sioux many warriors were calling for war against the Americans. So the Sioux allied with the Cheyenne to fight the Americans. The Lakota Sioux lived on parts of Montana, which was a piece of their original homeland. But with the discovery of gold in Montana and along the Bozeman trail in 1863, brought conflicts between the Lakota and whites over control of the area to the forefront. Conflicts occurred with miners passing on the Bozeman trail that happened to pass right through Teton Sioux territory. With increasing attacks on miners and travelers the army built three forts along the Bozeman trail. The three forts were Fort Reno which was located on the Powder River, Fort Kearney, and Fort Smith. The Forts were always in danger and were only maintained because they were heavily armed and defended. A veteran of the Civil War William J. Fetterman came to Fort Kearney to reinforce the troops. He was quoted as saying he â€Å"could ride, roughed, through the entire Sioux nation† with only 80 men. But he did not follow through with his promise on December 21, 1866. On that day a wagon left the fort to coll ect wood and while it was leaving it was attacked. Captain Fetterman with his 80 troops went to defend the wagon. The troops were ambushed by 1500 Indians that killed every soldier including the captain and mutilated their bodies. The government instead of fighting decided to set up a peace committee using a mixture of civilians and military officers. The Lakota’s were reluctant to sign the agreement. But spotted tail and some other chiefs went to fort Laramie to make peace. The committee was able to map out the Lakota’s homeland. The treaty gave all of South Dakota west of the Missouri River and some regions in southeastern Montana, eastern Wyoming, and northwestern Nebraska to the Lakota Sioux. They were also given all of the Black Hills. And the treaty promised that no whites shall pass through the lands. The army even went as far as abandoning the three forts Reno, Kearny, and Smith to get Red Cloud to sign the treaty on November 6 1868. It was a win/win situation because the Indians were able to keep their unseeded territory and expel the whites from it, and the government could coral the Lakota’s and keep a watchful eye on them and hopefully civilize them at the same time. But this w as not the case because conflicts began to happen after just a few weeks. Even though the Lakota were promised the Black Hills in the 1868 Fort Laramie treaty, the government decided that the Indians needed to move onto other reservations and those who did not would be seen as hostile. The government didn’t feel bad for going back on their word because they felt as though the Lakota with their raids, anti-railroad attitude, and conflicts with other tribes did not follow the treaty rules. And with the discovery of gold a few years earlier meant a gold rush towards the Black hills and inevitably tension came along with the miners. Even though technically the miners had no right to be in the Black Hills, they came onto and through Lakota territory. So in 1876 the army sent out three commanders George Crook, Alfred Terry, and John Gibbon. They were set out to horde the hostile Indians and hopefully move them back to their assigned homeland. The battle of Rosebud on June 17 1876 was between Crooks troops and Lakota’s and their allies. The battle f orced Crook to retreat, and left Terry and Gibbon’s forces by themselves. Custer who was determined to find the Indian village underestimated the size of it. He followed the Indian tracks until what he thought was a small village and ran right into the middle of 2000 Cheyenne, and Lakota warriors. Custer and his troops were quickly surrounded and as the battle is sometimes known Custer’s last stand, which is what he did. At the end of the Battle at the Bighorn lay 250 troops including Custer’s body. As a result in 1877 the Congress signs various laws to take land from the Sioux. In the end, the Sioux lose all there unseeded lands and forced to live on the western bank on the Missouri river. By the 1880’s the Sioux had lost almost all their land. And the different chiefs in the Sioux tribes were gradually losing their power over their tribes because of the government annuities. The govt. also made medicine man, sun dance, and Indian religions illegal. But a new religion was becoming popular around the 1880’s, the ghost dance which predicted that the whites would leave their lands and while performing it that they could not get hit by bullets. But this was not the case on December 29, 1890, when the U.S. 7th Calvary surrounded Big Foot’s encampment of Lakota. The soldiers ordered the Lakota to hand over any weapons. Some how a shot rang out and the medicine man started to perform the ghost dance but the soldiers saw it as a signal to attack and they started shooting into the camp. They had Hotchkiss guns that ripped into the warriors and innocent woman and children alike. In the aftermath, 153 Lakota lay dead and the Lakota managed to kill 25 soldiers . The battle at Wounded Knee is said to be the last battle in the Indian Wars. 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YUManagers today must be able to manage change so that an organisation can respond to the influences from external environments. Critically analyse this - Essay Example In this paper, reasons and factors associated with organizational change will be discussed in order to evaluate the manager’s role in administrating and implementing such organizational changes. As the society continues to change and evolve their demand, there is always need for variety of products and services, organization should be flexible enough, as they have to stay competitive. The businesses which survive for a long time and earn profits are the ones who accept the changes as they exist. There are two types of changes that occur in an organization that is planned and unplanned. Planned changes mean that an organization is bringing change deliberately by taking decisions, while, unplanned change is due to some unforeseen factors which can take place any time without informing. There are two factors which force organization to revaluate their operations, they are internal and external. Internal and external factors both can cause these changes (Oreg, Michel, and By, 2013). According to Smith (2013), Globalization affects organization as there are companies which operate in different country and each organization has their own culture which is because an organization cannot make a standard rules for every branch. Managers have to adapt a different culture when they are transferred to other branch and they should be flexible enough to do it. Entrance of a new competitor in the market brings lot of change as now organization becomes more serious about their product sales because they are in constant fear that their market will finish if competitor gets the market demand. So, the existing company try to change their work culture to stay dynamic (Cummings and Worley, 2014). A change in workforce diversity also brings change to a company. Previously, only men use to work in some company but now, women also work which changes the environment as the culture becomes more ethical and decent. Now a

Type II Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Type II Diabetes - Research Paper Example This equates to approximately $1 of every $10 health care dollars spent caring for this illness. Like all other healthcare issues in the United States, this cost has only increased in recent years. Although the statistics in the U.S. are staggering, the International Diabetes Federation reports that of the ten most diabetes-prone countries in the world, seven of them are developing countries that don’t typically have access to the best treatment, medicine or have reliable reporting techniques to be able to track the illness. Diabetes increases an individual’s risks of stroke and heart disease as well as present a number of other health problems. â€Å"These life-threatening consequences strike people with diabetes more than twice as often as they do others† (American Diabetes Association, 2006). Other complications associated with diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, and the threat of amputations. â€Å"In some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle Ea st, the percentage of the diabetic population ranges from 12 to 20 percent† (Dorfman, 2007). Regardless of one’s position within the medical profession, one should have knowledge of this illness and the way in which it can affect patient health. Insulin is the primary factor involved in diabetes. A healthy body produces insulin as a means of managing the levels of glucose within the bloodstream. Glucose is a simple sugar that enters the body through consumed food and makes its way into red blood cells as one of the body’s primary sources of energy. In a healthy body, the levels of glucose remain relatively constant, giving the individual a stable source of energy throughout the day. This is accomplished through the production of glucagons and insulin, both specific forms of hormones produced by the pancreas. The insulin acts as a regulator of glucose, preventing it from disproportionate increases. Type II diabetes refers to ‘non-insulin-dependent’ or

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