Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance Essay Example Essay Example

Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example Paper Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance Essay Introduction In this essay, I am going to evaluate the effect of job satisfaction on work performance. It is not the first time that this topic has been investigated. There is a lot of past research which link these two variables. The topic is still a live one and is even more important in the twenty-first century given the longer working hours culture. A recent survey show that a great number of workers lack job satisfaction these days compared with a decade ago. Today companies intent on achieving growth and profitability need to consider job satisfaction as it not only saves costs in terms of staff retention but may also increase profitability due to increased staff performance. In order to achieve these aims the modern manager needs to understand what motivates his workers, what job satisfaction means to them, how it can be measured and how it can be implemented practically in the workplace. Some studies found that there is no link between those two criterions whereas other studies found that there is a slight link. For example, (Iaffaldano, and Muchinsky 1985) have found and described Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Body Paragraphs link between satisfaction and performance as a link between two factors that logically or intuitively should connect but in reality do not. On the other hand, (Judge and Thoresen and Bono and Patton 2001) have found that satisfaction and performance are only slightly related. Next, I described value percept theory and job characteristics. In 1976, (Hackman and Oldham) argue that skill variety; task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback result in high level of three psychological states, making work tasks more satisfying. Then, (Schleicher, Watt Greguras 2004) argue that satisfaction might lead to performance, and performance might lead to satisfaction. In addition, studies of life satisfaction have found that job satisfaction is directly connected with life satisfaction (e.g. Adams, King, King, 1996 p. 242). . Further, there is evidence linking job satisfaction to citizenship behaviour commitment (Hoffman, Blair, Meriac, and Woeher 2007). In summary, I concluded opinio n that generally happy employee work and perform better, however it depend on many factors, and it is associated with many aspects of our life. In 1964, Vroom revised 20 studies and came up with the result that there is a small relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Twenty years later Iaffaldano and Muchinsky reviewed over 200 studies and reported similar findings. They said that their ought to be a link between satisfaction and performance but in reality there was not. In regard of job satisfaction is a factor in the organizational behaviour along with job performance, a human brain prompt that the two must be related together. (Judge, Thoresen, Bono and Patton) made a greater and more complex meta-analysis in 2001. Judge et al conducted a through meta-analysis of 312 studies. Their results were different to that of Vroom and Iaffaldano and Muchinsky. Judge asserted that the reason that this was so because previous studies had focused on managers ratings of staff pe rformance which were not always accurate. Further, the performance ratings used had often been produced for organisational purposes rather than to measure job satisfaction. This can produce inaccuracy in performance measurement. Relationship of satisfaction with performance would be stronger if more measures that are accurate were used According to the value percept theory job satisfaction depends on whether or not a worker receive from his or her boss the things that are important to them. That said, it is probably uncontroversial to assert that job satisfaction will have an impact on a worker’s performance and on his or her commitment to his or her organisation. If a worker is satisfied in and with your job and experience pleasant feelings while you are on duty, you may execute your job better because positive emotions are usually empowering. On the other hand, when a worker is dissatisfied in his or her job negative feelings may result which become evidence in the way in w hich the role is performed. This leads to consideration of why one worker might enjoy a certain role while another worker hates the same role. Investigation has found that workers are satisfied when the employer provides them with the things that they value (Value Theory). According to the Value Percept Theory, value play important role in job satisfaction. Values are those things which workers wittingly or unwittingly want to seek or attain. Workers’ frequently evaluate their job satisfaction according to specific criteria such as pay, promotion, the extent to which they are supervision, their relations with co-workers, and the work itself. In addition, different people value different things. This depends on age, culture, background, country, etc. A number of studies suggest that satisfaction with work itself is the strongest driver of overall job satisfaction. Researcher began focusing on those issues in the 1950 and 1960, and come up with the result that boring jobs may b e easier, but not absolutely better. One of the most influential of the theories that relate to the nature of jobs to performance is (Hackman and Oldham’s jobs characteristics theory 1976). This theory is based on assumption that people can be motivated by intrinsic nature of job tasks. Research suggests that three psychological states make work satisfying. For example if you think about times when you felt proud of a job well done, you were probably experiencing all three psychological states. You were aware of the results, you felt you were somehow responsible for that result, and felt that the result of the work was somehow meaningful. According to (Schleicher, Watt, Greguras, 2004) there is evidence linking job satisfaction to job performance but there are two opposite explanations. Firstly, satisfied employees who like their jobs work much harder and perform better, to fulfilling the duties described in their job description. Secondly, job performance might link to satis faction. Another important issue concerns that contribution of job satisfaction to overall life satisfaction. We can use as an example situation when you meet a new people for the first time, the first question that people ask after being introduced is what do you do? Where are you working? Why it is happen? It is because the most of the time in our live we spent at work. You probably feel better about your life when you feel better about your job. Very often people bring work home and vice versa. Unhappy worker when comes back home bring together with him or her bad mood and dissatisfaction. Opposite situation occurs when you are satisfied in your family life, you are arguably satisfied in your work (Adams at el 1996). For most people, the job is an important component of life, providing not only resources of life, but a sense of purpose and social contact as well. It is inevitable that people will react emotionally to workplace events and situations. The expression of emotion at w ork can sometimes be an important part of the job. did a research on fourteen workers. They were asked to complete rates of their mood and satisfaction on a thousand occasions of stressful events. A result showed that positive emotions were associated with greater job satisfaction; and the stressful events led to emotions that are more negative. There is also support evidence noted that positive emotions improve creativity, higher job performance, less withdrawn, and contextual performance (Ashkanasay, Hartel, and Daus 2002). Happy employees engage in behaviours to help their co-workers and their organization. Meta analyses of organizational behaviour commitment suggest that Organizational Citizen Behaviour is most probably when people are satisfied with their jobs, have good relations with their co workers and managers, and feel they are treated fairly (Hoffman, Blair, Meriac, Woeher, 2007 ). There are benefits of these behaviours in terms of the effectiveness of work. Higher level s of citizenship behaviour promoted higher satisfaction and higher performance quality. Job satisfaction is also connected with normative commitment. Happy workers feel an obligation to repay the company whatever it is that makes them satisfied. Satisfied employee usually wants to stay with the organization for a longer period. In summary, Happy workers work and perform better. Researchers have put a considerable amount of effort into attempts to demonstrate that the two are positively related At a general level, workers are satisfied when their job provides the things that they value. Many of those values deal with the things that your work can give you. In addition, according to the value percept theory job satisfaction depends on whether or not a worker receives from his or her boss the things that are important to them. Research has linked job satisfaction to a number of environment variables. Job satisfaction has been shown to correlate with job characteristics. Not only does j ob satisfaction have an impact on a individual’s working life but in addition it may well be the case that job satisfaction is highly correlated with life satisfaction for the simple reason that people spend a large proportion of their time at work. Mood and emotions are important factors in job satisfaction, The experience of positive emotions by employees on the job can have positive effects on employees and organizations, whereas the experience of negative emotions can have the opposite effects Sometimes workers go the extra step by engaging in behaviours that are not in their job description. Organizational commitment is another attitudinal variable that is popular among researcher. Commitment concerns the workers attachment to the organization. It correlates strongly with job satisfaction We will write a custom essay sample on Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does job satisfaction generate high worker performance? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Lakota Wars

The Lakota Wars Free Online Research Papers Tensions were building and with expansion of Americans to the West, it only added to further the atomicity of the Indian towards the whites. What also added fuel to the fire were the corrupt agents that switched Indian traders with their own. After news of the Sand Creek Massacre reached the Sioux many warriors were calling for war against the Americans. So the Sioux allied with the Cheyenne to fight the Americans. The Lakota Sioux lived on parts of Montana, which was a piece of their original homeland. But with the discovery of gold in Montana and along the Bozeman trail in 1863, brought conflicts between the Lakota and whites over control of the area to the forefront. Conflicts occurred with miners passing on the Bozeman trail that happened to pass right through Teton Sioux territory. With increasing attacks on miners and travelers the army built three forts along the Bozeman trail. The three forts were Fort Reno which was located on the Powder River, Fort Kearney, and Fort Smith. The Forts were always in danger and were only maintained because they were heavily armed and defended. A veteran of the Civil War William J. Fetterman came to Fort Kearney to reinforce the troops. He was quoted as saying he â€Å"could ride, roughed, through the entire Sioux nation† with only 80 men. But he did not follow through with his promise on December 21, 1866. On that day a wagon left the fort to coll ect wood and while it was leaving it was attacked. Captain Fetterman with his 80 troops went to defend the wagon. The troops were ambushed by 1500 Indians that killed every soldier including the captain and mutilated their bodies. The government instead of fighting decided to set up a peace committee using a mixture of civilians and military officers. The Lakota’s were reluctant to sign the agreement. But spotted tail and some other chiefs went to fort Laramie to make peace. The committee was able to map out the Lakota’s homeland. The treaty gave all of South Dakota west of the Missouri River and some regions in southeastern Montana, eastern Wyoming, and northwestern Nebraska to the Lakota Sioux. They were also given all of the Black Hills. And the treaty promised that no whites shall pass through the lands. The army even went as far as abandoning the three forts Reno, Kearny, and Smith to get Red Cloud to sign the treaty on November 6 1868. It was a win/win situation because the Indians were able to keep their unseeded territory and expel the whites from it, and the government could coral the Lakota’s and keep a watchful eye on them and hopefully civilize them at the same time. But this w as not the case because conflicts began to happen after just a few weeks. Even though the Lakota were promised the Black Hills in the 1868 Fort Laramie treaty, the government decided that the Indians needed to move onto other reservations and those who did not would be seen as hostile. The government didn’t feel bad for going back on their word because they felt as though the Lakota with their raids, anti-railroad attitude, and conflicts with other tribes did not follow the treaty rules. And with the discovery of gold a few years earlier meant a gold rush towards the Black hills and inevitably tension came along with the miners. Even though technically the miners had no right to be in the Black Hills, they came onto and through Lakota territory. So in 1876 the army sent out three commanders George Crook, Alfred Terry, and John Gibbon. They were set out to horde the hostile Indians and hopefully move them back to their assigned homeland. The battle of Rosebud on June 17 1876 was between Crooks troops and Lakota’s and their allies. The battle f orced Crook to retreat, and left Terry and Gibbon’s forces by themselves. Custer who was determined to find the Indian village underestimated the size of it. He followed the Indian tracks until what he thought was a small village and ran right into the middle of 2000 Cheyenne, and Lakota warriors. Custer and his troops were quickly surrounded and as the battle is sometimes known Custer’s last stand, which is what he did. At the end of the Battle at the Bighorn lay 250 troops including Custer’s body. As a result in 1877 the Congress signs various laws to take land from the Sioux. In the end, the Sioux lose all there unseeded lands and forced to live on the western bank on the Missouri river. By the 1880’s the Sioux had lost almost all their land. And the different chiefs in the Sioux tribes were gradually losing their power over their tribes because of the government annuities. The govt. also made medicine man, sun dance, and Indian religions illegal. But a new religion was becoming popular around the 1880’s, the ghost dance which predicted that the whites would leave their lands and while performing it that they could not get hit by bullets. But this was not the case on December 29, 1890, when the U.S. 7th Calvary surrounded Big Foot’s encampment of Lakota. The soldiers ordered the Lakota to hand over any weapons. Some how a shot rang out and the medicine man started to perform the ghost dance but the soldiers saw it as a signal to attack and they started shooting into the camp. They had Hotchkiss guns that ripped into the warriors and innocent woman and children alike. In the aftermath, 153 Lakota lay dead and the Lakota managed to kill 25 soldiers . The battle at Wounded Knee is said to be the last battle in the Indian Wars. Research Papers on The Lakota WarsAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Where Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWGenetic EngineeringComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

YUManagers today must be able to manage change so that an organisation Essay

YUManagers today must be able to manage change so that an organisation can respond to the influences from external environments. Critically analyse this - Essay Example In this paper, reasons and factors associated with organizational change will be discussed in order to evaluate the manager’s role in administrating and implementing such organizational changes. As the society continues to change and evolve their demand, there is always need for variety of products and services, organization should be flexible enough, as they have to stay competitive. The businesses which survive for a long time and earn profits are the ones who accept the changes as they exist. There are two types of changes that occur in an organization that is planned and unplanned. Planned changes mean that an organization is bringing change deliberately by taking decisions, while, unplanned change is due to some unforeseen factors which can take place any time without informing. There are two factors which force organization to revaluate their operations, they are internal and external. Internal and external factors both can cause these changes (Oreg, Michel, and By, 2013). According to Smith (2013), Globalization affects organization as there are companies which operate in different country and each organization has their own culture which is because an organization cannot make a standard rules for every branch. Managers have to adapt a different culture when they are transferred to other branch and they should be flexible enough to do it. Entrance of a new competitor in the market brings lot of change as now organization becomes more serious about their product sales because they are in constant fear that their market will finish if competitor gets the market demand. So, the existing company try to change their work culture to stay dynamic (Cummings and Worley, 2014). A change in workforce diversity also brings change to a company. Previously, only men use to work in some company but now, women also work which changes the environment as the culture becomes more ethical and decent. Now a

Type II Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Type II Diabetes - Research Paper Example This equates to approximately $1 of every $10 health care dollars spent caring for this illness. Like all other healthcare issues in the United States, this cost has only increased in recent years. Although the statistics in the U.S. are staggering, the International Diabetes Federation reports that of the ten most diabetes-prone countries in the world, seven of them are developing countries that don’t typically have access to the best treatment, medicine or have reliable reporting techniques to be able to track the illness. Diabetes increases an individual’s risks of stroke and heart disease as well as present a number of other health problems. â€Å"These life-threatening consequences strike people with diabetes more than twice as often as they do others† (American Diabetes Association, 2006). Other complications associated with diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, and the threat of amputations. â€Å"In some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle Ea st, the percentage of the diabetic population ranges from 12 to 20 percent† (Dorfman, 2007). Regardless of one’s position within the medical profession, one should have knowledge of this illness and the way in which it can affect patient health. Insulin is the primary factor involved in diabetes. A healthy body produces insulin as a means of managing the levels of glucose within the bloodstream. Glucose is a simple sugar that enters the body through consumed food and makes its way into red blood cells as one of the body’s primary sources of energy. In a healthy body, the levels of glucose remain relatively constant, giving the individual a stable source of energy throughout the day. This is accomplished through the production of glucagons and insulin, both specific forms of hormones produced by the pancreas. The insulin acts as a regulator of glucose, preventing it from disproportionate increases. Type II diabetes refers to ‘non-insulin-dependent’ or

Final Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Review - Assignment Example Crime is mostly viewed as an endurance alternative in the range of poverty (Pogrebin, 23). In contradiction to these expectations, some poor communities experiencing low levels of crime because behavior is restricted by unofficial social and cultural values. Unemployment is a vital issue related to the rates of crime and violence among most young people. From the World Bank research, people between the age of fifteen and 24 are not employed. This clearly suggests that the unemployed youths are probably more likely to be the beginners and victims of crime and violence. An abundance of universal information proposes that crime and violence are firmly connected with the development and extent of young populace and, particularly, youthful guys. Cross-national examination utilizing information on 44 nations from 1950 to 2000 uncovers the rate of youthful individuals in the populace and their level of flourishing are together more critical in illustrating the variability of crime. The incr ease in the number of youths is clearly evident in the story of the killer Louis Wagner was executed on June 25, 1875. This is as a result of the increased love affairs within the young people. In March of that year on the Isles of Shoals (Smuttynose, particularly), two adolescent Norwegian ladies were clubbed to passing. Wagner, a 28-year old Prussian worker, appeared to have no true rational in murdering the two ladies. In spite of the fact that commentators have addressed her observer account, it was Maren who recognized the executioner as Louis Wagner (Capote, 317). A neighborhood angler considered his dory lost from Pickering Wharf close-by at 8 p.m. also it is presently expected Louis obtained it. His eleven hour nonattendance furnishes adequate time for the excursion under existing quiet climate conditions (Pogrebin 39). The tide was in his support the moon was bright and the White Island beacon plainly indicated the way. Maren affirmed that a passing angle had conveyed her s pouse's message maxim he might return extremely late. The trail of blood persuaded the jury that the executioner was acquainted with the Hontvet house. Not long after his capture, in a statement, Louis Wagner had dissented that he was so acquainted with the Hontvet house that, if he truly need to burglarize them, he could have completed it effortlessly and without discovery. Indeed Louis Wagner's passing is wrapped in false impressions. Either way this was a violent action and a crime. Unemployment can lead to human beings carrying out extremely violent and criminal acts as shown in the True Crime: An American Anthology. The high minded man is substance to dream what a devilish man truly does." I considered this entertaining, for no other excuse for why than Schechter appeared to be possibly on the edge, which is a position that any correct crime spectator will in the long run end up enclosed. You take it that individuals will ask you for what reason you would at any point need to r ead such shocking things the Crime. In this segment, the crime is depicted. This could be carried out in two ways (Schechter 339). To begin with, the crime could be depicted as a story. Then again, and this is more common, you can portray the crime scene, then loop once again to the genuine crime as a flashback later in the book as Capote does with Perry Smith's extremely popular jailhouse admission. Chase for the executioners.

The Anatomy Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay

The Anatomy Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay The aim of this experiment was to understand the external and internal structures by dissecting a pigs heart, drawing and labelling the structures. Introduction A pigs heart is covered by the thin membrane or pericardium. Myocardium exists as the muscle located below the pericardium. Most of the myocardium in the lower two chambers of the heart called ventricles (Lane, 2010a). A pigs heart has four chambers which include left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle (Lane, 2010a). Atrium and ventricle are separated by valves. In the entrance of the left ventricle has bicuspid valve which controls the blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle during diastole (Lane, 2010a). While in the entrance of the right ventricle has tricuspid valve which allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The function of valves is to make the blood only moving from atrium to ventricle and avoid regurgitation. (Lane, 2010a). There are some blood vessels have a significant influence on transferring the blood (Lane, 2010a). Coronary artery which lies in the groove on the front of heart carries flesh blood to the heart muscle to receive oxygen and nutrients (Lane, 2010a). Pulmonary artery which lies out of the right ventricle supplies blood with oxygen to the lungs (Lane, 2010a). Aorta which is the major vessel located near the right atria provides blood to the upper body (Lane, 2010a). Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (Lane, 2010a). Inferior and Superior Vena Cava which are located on left of the heart and link to the right atrium, supplies deoxygenated blood to the right receiving chamber (Lane, 2010a). Blood flows through the pig heart are similar with a humans. Deoxygenated blood moving from the superior and inferior vena cava (see Figure 1) into the right atrium which has a very low pressure (Gisbornesc, 2010). During diastole which indicates the relaxation phase, the right ventricles pressure drops down almost zero. There is a pressure gradient between the right atrium and ventricle, leading to the blood flow into the right ventricle (Gisbornesc, 2010). When the ventricle fills, the blood goes through the tricuspid valve. During systole (the contracting phase) the ventricle begins to contract, the intraventricular pressure is increased which causes the tricuspid valve to close while the pulmonary valve open (Gisbornesc, 2010). And then blood moves out of the ventricle via the pulmonary artery to the lungs (Gisbornesc, 2010). When the ventricle relaxes, intraventricular pressure drops below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, as a result, the pulmonary valve close. In this case , blood returns to the right side of the heart and is pumped back to the lungs for gas exchange (Gisbornesc, 2010). Figure 1(Biologymad, 2010) shows the blood flow within the heart. Figure 1 (Biologymad, 2010): The Blood Flow within Heart The function of a heart is to promote blood flowing to organs and tissues, providing enough blood, oxygen and various nutrients while taking away the metabolic products such as carbon dioxide, urea and uric acid. This process maintains the normal function and metabolism of the cells within the body. Method Observations Material Fresh pig heart Scalpels Container for heart Scissors Forceps Cutting board Equipment Several blank A4 sheets Pens HB pencils Erasers Rulers Sharpeners Procedure-External Anatomy A heart was placed in a dissecting pan. The size of this heart was moderate; the colour of this heart was pink and it was a little smelly. The heart was examined and the thin membrane or pericardium that still covers the heart was located. The pericardium was removed carefully. The pericardium was too thin to remove. The tip of the heart or the apex was located. The left ventricle extended all the way to the apex. The heart was placed in the dissecting pan. The major blood vessels were on the top and the apex was down. There was a groove that extended from the right side of the board end of the heart. The heart was in the pan in the position and faced my body. The left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle were located from this surface. Four chambers were observed unclearly, but still could be identified. While the heart was still in this position in the dissecting pan, the coronary artery, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary veins and inferior superior vena cava were located at the broad end of the heart. Aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins inferior superior vena cava were observed clearly, but coronary artery was not found. A fully labelled diagram of the front heart was drawn. Figure 2 is attached. 8. A fully labelled diagram showing the back side of heart was drew. Figure 3 is attached. Procedure- Internal Anatomy The side of the pulmonary artery was cut through and continue cutting down into the wall of the right ventricle using the scissors. Cut deep enough to go through the wall of the heart chamber. (The cutting line was above parallel to the groove of the coronary artery) The heart was pushed open at the cut to examine the internal structure with fingers. There was a dried blood inside the chambers, the heart was rinsed out. The right atrium was located. The thinner muscular wall of this receiving chamber was measured by ruler. The right atrium was about 5-10 mm and very smooth. A fully labelled diagram showing the internal of right atrium was draw. Figure 4 is attached. The inferior superior vena cava enter this chamber were founded. The lack of valves was noticed. The inferior superior vena cava was easy to found. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle was located, which is called tricuspid valve. This valve consisted of three leaflets and had long fibbers of connective tissue. The thickness of the right ventricle and its smooth was felt by fingers. The network of irregular muscular cords was noticed on the inner wall of this chamber. The right ventricle was about 20mm and very smooth. The septum was found on the right side of the right ventricle. The septum was thick which separated the right and left ventricles from each other. The pulmonary artery was located inside the right ventricle. The one-way valve called the pulmonary valve was found. A fully labelled diagram showing the back side of heart was drew. Figure 3 is attached. The heart was continued to cut open using scissors. A cut was started on the outside of the left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to the septum at the centre groove. The heart was pushed open at this cut with fingers any dried blood was rinsed out with water. The heart was difficult to cut downward into the left ventricle because the knife was not sharp. The left atrium was examined. The openings of the pulmonary veins were found from the lungs. The pulmonary veins were hard to observe. Bicuspid valve was looked for inside left atrium. This valve consisted of two leaflets. The left ventricle was examined. The thickness of the ventricular wall was noticed. The left ventricle was found and the thickness of the ventricular was about 20mm. The left ventricle was cut across the left ventricle toward the aorta continues cutting to expose the valve using scissors. The three flaps or leaflets were counted on this valve called aortic valve. This valve had half-moon shape. Notes to all the diagrams were added relating the labelled structures to their functions. Results Figure 2 shows the front view of heart. In this figure, the aorta is clearly visible at the top, with left and right atrium on either side, while the ventricles are in the bottom. This figure also shows the aortic and pulmonary arteries as well as the pulmonary veins and superior vena cava. 2. Figure 3 shows the back side of heart. In this figure, the superior vena cava and aorta can be seen. 3. Figure 4 shows the internal view of the right side. In this figure, the tricuspid valve can be seen and the right ventricular outflow tract which includes the pulmonary artery. 4. Figure 5 shows the internal view of the left side In this figure, the bicuspid valve and aorta can be seen. Discussion Possible errors may have arisen during this experiment. Firstly, the heart was cut difficultly, because the equipment given was not sharp enough. Secondly, some blood vessels can not be found such as coronary artery, because the pigs heart was not fresh enough, may be damaged by the butcher. Thirdly, human errors may lead to the results not precise. For instance, when cut deeply to go through the wall of the heart chamber, the cutting line was not parallel to the groove of the coronary, as a result, the chamber can not observed carefully. A future experiment should be improved in following ways. Firstly, the equipments should be given sharp enough in order to cut the heart efficiently according to the instruction. Secondly, the pig heart should be provided fresh enough and completely. In this case, all the organs can be observed and described. Finally, when cutting line is required parallel, it is better to use the ruler to measure. Conclusion In conclusion, after doing the experiment, the external and internal structure was examined. A pigs heart is four chambered pump which includes left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. Valves, which separate atrium and ventricle, prevent blood from flowing backwards. A pig has double system which can make blood circulate the whole body via the vessels.

Comparing Family in Breathing Lessons, Homesick Restaurant, and Acciden

Family Instability in Breathing Lessons, Homesick Restaurant, and Accidental Tourist  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           The perfect, suburban family has become a prominant theme and stereotype in American culture.   Families from the works of Anne Tyler represent the exact opposite of this cultural stereotype.   None of Tyler's novels contain families with faithful, domestic wives, breadwinning husbands, and 2.3 well-behaved, perfect children.   Tyler kills this misconcieved stereotype in Breathing Lessons, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, and The Accidental Tourist.   Anne Tyler grew up with her parents on a series of experimental communes, so she developed a different perception of family life.   She observes domestic life from the view of an outsider looking in.   Minor-- and sometimes major-- flaws characterize the average family in Tyler's novels because many of today's families are imperfect.   Because of her communal upbringing, she observes family life more honestly than do writers who romanticize family life. Tyler's novels show that the picture most people see when t hey think of the typical American family is shifting from the Cleavers to the Simpsons.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Anne Tyler was born in Minnesota in 1941, but much of her childhood was spent moving around.   Tyler never spent a minute of her childhood living in the type of suburban household so typical of the 1940's and 1950's. Because large, domestic Southern families surrounded her as she grew up, she was somewhat of an outsider in society.   Tyler's unorthodox upbringing caused her "...to view the normal world with a certain amount of distance and surprise, which can sometimes be helpful to a writer"(Crane 2).   Tyler realistically depicts family relationships without over-exaggerating them.  ... ...--- .The Accidental Tourist.   New York: Knopf, 1985.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -----.Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant.   New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1982. Yardley, Jonathan.   " Anne Tyler's Family Circles."   Washington Post, August 25, 1985, (pp. 311-313). Mathewson, Joseph.   " Taking the Anne Tyler Tour."   Horizon, Vol. 28, no. 7, September 1985, (p. 313). Demott, Benjamin.   " Funny, Wise and True."   New York Times Book Review, March 14, 1982, (p. 432). Updike, John.   " Bellow, Vonnegut, Tyler, Le Guin, Cheever."   Hugging the Shore:Essays and Criticism, New York: Knopf 1983, (pp. 434-435). "A Glance: Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant."   Available [Online], April 23,1999, http// www.Amazon.com. " A Glance: Breathing Lessons.   " Available [Online], April 23, 1999, http// www.Amazon.com." Crane, Gwen.   " Anne Tyler."   Scribner Writers CD, (pp. 1-19).

Definition of Mobility Essay

1.1 – Give a Definition of Mobility The definition of mobility is the ability to move body parts, and the ability to move from place to place as well as sitting down and getting up. 1.2 – Identify and Explain Health Conditions That Can Affect Mobility Some health conditions that can affect mobility are age, arthritis, strokes, heart attacks, infections, fracture of bones and possibly mental issues. Arthritis can affect mobility due to the joints hurting or going stiff making mobility harder for the individual. Heart attacks and strokes can affect mobility due to an individual’s balance possibly being impaired but also due to possible paralysis of one side of the body. Mental issues could affect mobility due to someone’s confidence possibly going due to a fall etc. 1.3 – Outline the Effects That Reduced Mobility May Have on Individual Well – being. Reduced mobility and movement may have different impacts on different people; some people may be able to cope better with it than others. Some people may lose their confidence and sense of self, some people may develop depression due not being able to do as much as they used to. Reduced mobility and movement may affect people’s personal relationships, moods. It can also affect a person’s social life due to possibly not being able to leave the house etc. It can also affect a person’s day to day life for example personal care, food preparation to being able to make meals and cups of tea. 1.4 – Describe the Benefits of Maintaining and Improving Mobility for the Individual The benefits of maintaining and improving mobility for individuals are great; it can help with the physical and emotional well – being of the individual. The physical benefits include keeping good circulation and muscle strength; it can help to maintain a steady weight of the individual. Simply put if you don’t encourage an individual to keep their mobility and movement then the muscles waste away, for example if you were to keep a mobile individual bed ridden their muscles in turn will waste away impairing their movement and mobility. Also in some cases physiotherapy can also help to build up the muscle strength etc. enabling reduced movement to possibly increase. The emotional well – being of maintaining and improving mobility for an individual is very important as when someone has reduced movement and ability it can affect their social life, social skills, self-esteem a nd confidence and can also lead to depression, which in a nutshell if you can  improve the mobility and movement of an individual can reduce the risk of depression, can enhance self-esteem and confidence and also can enable them to have a social life. Who Would You Report Progress and / or Problems to? If I noticed progress or problems relating to an individual’s mobility and movement I would always note this down in the Care Log and I would also inform my co-ordinator of any issues, my co-ordinator would then report it to possibly doctors, nurses and also to the occupational health team which could either sort out the use of equipment or could implement anything that could help the individual for example extra care or even reduced care and reduced equipment. How Would You Report the Following Problems and / or Progress Relating to Mobility? – Choice of Activities, equipment, appliances and support provided. I would always be vigilant in my work and the care I provide to see if I could notice any changes to an individual in regards to all aspects of their care including mobility. I would also read care notes that have been written by other carers involved in their care and also possibly family members and healthcare professionals etc. If I noticed any changes at all in regards to what activities they chose for example if they stopped wanting to go out etc. I would always ask them the reasons for this and listen to the reasons (these reasons could be something along the lines of don’t feel confident enough and feel off balance) I would write these concerns down in the Care Log and also report to my co-ordinator, senior carer or manager to possibly look at implementing additional support for their choice of activities. If there was an issue with the equipment for example needed different equipment as it wasn’t suitable or even that they didn’t need the equipment again I would write it down and log it in the Care Log as well as reporting to co-ordinator, senior carer or manager, they would then report this to the occupational health team who would then organise for an assessment of the equipment in place and if necessary change or alter the equipment to suit the individual’s needs at that time. If there was an issue with appliances for example couldn’t work the cooker anymore etc. again I would record my findings in the Care Log along with to my co-ordinator,  senior carer and manager, I would also see if I could speak to the family to see what they suggested and also to see if I could suggest anything for example a microwave instead of a cooker and maybe bigger handled cutlery instead or normal cutlery etc. If I had a problem with the support provided I would again rec ord in the Care Log along with my co-ordinator, senior carer and manager. These concerns would possibly be told to the family and also could be reported to healthcare professionals along with the individuals social worker.

Impact and Prevention of Inventory Fraud Essays

Impact and Prevention of Inventory Fraud Essays Impact and Prevention of Inventory Fraud Paper Impact and Prevention of Inventory Fraud Paper The Impact of inventory fraud can be expensive and affect an organizations reports. Inventory errors will not only affect the balance sheet but the Income statement as well. Errors from theft or fraud wealth the physical Inventory will misstate the costs of goods sold, gross profit, and net Income. If the losses from fraudulent are covered up, the organization will be misleading the government by not abiding by the fair disclosure responsibility, and basically guarantees unreliable ND false information within its financial documents. Prevention is the key to deter this type of fraudulent behavior. Strong controls. Policies that communicate theft will be prosecuted, and a hotlist can be introduced to this incidents. Since employees are at the heart of this problem, companies should have criminal and background checks on employees before they are hired. However, criminal and background checks do have there limitations, since the majority who steal may have never been caught. In addition, companies can also be checked to ensure that they have a valid tax id number, and that no complaints have filed with any agency such as Better Business Bureau. Random inventory checks instead of pre- planned inventory counts should be used. The inventory counts should match what is on hand to what is on record. In addition, to prevent collusion amongst employees during the inventory count the organization can change the personnel counting during this period. The shorting of shipments can be a tricky situation that may involve the supplier, delivery personnel, and the company employee. Control over the inventory should begin as soon as the inventory is received. A way to control fraud is by the use of pre-numbered receiving reports that are to be completed by the receiving department as soon as a shipment arrives. To make sure the inventory received is what is ordered, each receiving report should match the companys original purchase order for the goods. In addition, the price of goods on the purchase order, should be compared to price the vendor billed the company on the vendors Invoice. Lastly, additional security measures can be Implemented to prevent theft. For example, restricting unauthorized access, If business Is not operating the area should be locked, and when removing merchandise the use of requisition forms authorizing the removal of Items. In conclusion, Inventory fraud Is an expensive Illness that plaques companies worldwide. Inventories are essential for merchandising and manufacturing businesses. Prevention and Internal control procedures are needed to protect inventories from damage and employee and consumer theft. By genes as not being criminal, so where does it begin or where does it stop? There is no easy schemes may include management and its vendors/ suppliers. The impact of inventory fraud can be expensive and affect an organizations reports. Inventory errors will not only affect the balance sheet but the income statement as well. Errors from theft or fraud within the physical inventory will misstate the costs of goods sold, gross profit, and net income. If the losses from not abiding by the fair disclosure responsibility, and basically guarantees unreliable Prevention is the key to deter this type of fraudulent behavior. Strong controls, achieved is what is ordered, each receiving report should match the companys invoice. Lastly, additional security measures can be implemented to prevent theft. For example, restricting unauthorized access, if business is not operating the area should be locked, and when removing merchandise the use of requisition forms authorizing the removal of items. In conclusion, inventory fraud is an expensive illness that plaques companies worldwide. Inventories are essential for merchandising and manufacturing businesses. Prevention and internal control procedures are needed to protect

Discussion 2 Example

Discussion 2 Example Discussion 2 – Coursework Example Discussion Surety for the scientific soundness and empirical support in favor of a treatment is primarily derived from research statistics. Not manypsychological interventions are investigated empirically because their proposers decline to offer them for research under the prevailing paradigms of research (The Australian Psychological Society Ltd., n.d., p. 1). Fact is; â€Å"scientific theories never become facts† (Lutus, 2013). However, application of the theories on particular cases reported in peer-reviewed journals and other publications yields valuable results and conclusions for other users. Intensive programs of behavioral intervention employ a variety of behavioral techniques which have to be changed along with the progress of the child and as the different areas of skill are developed (New York State Department of Health, 1999). Operant conditioning is one of the most used theories in behavioral psychology. One problem with operant conditioning exists in the comprehe nsion and application of the process of learning. Operant conditioning tends to define the whole learning and behavior in terms of the relationship between stimuli and consequences. Such approach is sometimes not suitable for explaining the various kinds of behaviors that the subject exhibits regardless of the stimuli. An alternative to operant conditioning is Real Training. Real Training may be used, for example, in cases when the subject e.g. the dogs have become contentious. It is the approach that imparts a need for the trainer to work with the dog to teach it the expected behavior. â€Å"To a real trainer, the idiosyncratic and unexpected responses any subject can give are the most interesting and potentially the most fruitful events in the training process† (Pryor, n.d.). Unlike operant conditioning, Real Training recognizes difference between just knowing and actual doing. This difference may characterize a contention point instead of a lack of conditioning (Hild, 2011 ). References:Hild, R. (2011). Real Training vs. "Operant Conditioning". Care Dog Training. Retrieved from caredogtraining.com/Articles/realtraining.htm. Lutus, P. (2013). Is Psychology a Science? Retrieved from arachnoid.com/psychology/. New York State Department of Health. (1999, Nov.). Chapter IV (Continued) - Behavioral and Educational Approaches. Retrieved from https://www.health.ny.gov/community/infants_children/early_intervention/disorders/autism/ch4_pt2.htm. Pryor, K. (n.d.). Don’t shoot the dog. Retrieved from papagalibg.com/FilesStore/karen_pryor_-_don_t_shoot_the_dog.pdf. The Australian Psychological Society Ltd. (n.d.). Evidence-based Psychological Interventions in the Treatment of Mental Disorders: A Literature Review. 3rd Edition. Retrieved from https://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/Evidence-Based-Psychological-Interventions.pdf. Discussion 2 Example Discussion 2 – Coursework Example Can Science Be Sacred al Affiliation) Can Science Be Sacred? Adam Frank uses a previous experience, where he was coming from a Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) class and headed to the student cafeteria to get a cup of coffee, to explain the relationship between science and the sacred. He attributes his experience to the equations and states that solving the equations indicated a connection between science and the sacred. After noticing oscillations on the coffee’s surface from the ice cream freezer’s motor, he explains the theory of hierophany. Frank, (2012) explains that the relationship between science and the sacred lies in focusing on the experience. When the equations are solved practically, the solutions are understood through the experience. It is this experience that Frank describes as, â€Å"hierophany† (Frank 2012). The coffee cup incident was an experience of the sacred. It was from the incident that Frank extracted, â€Å"the connection, and the usefulness, of the sacred to a world saturated with the fruits of science† (Frank 2012). Science is fundamental to technological advancement; hence a path to discovering the sacred. Frank concludes that science is the gateway to the sacred. It is through science that humanity can focus on the experience that differentiates a religion from the sacred. Frank provides insight to what ought to be considered as religion and as sacred. The article develops an understanding that equations attempt to explain the sacred. In addition, the sacred is depicted to mean natural occurrences. For example, the planetary motion is a natural occurrence. However, the motion can be understood using a set of equations to analyze the movement. The article is clear and succinct on explaining the significance of science to experience the sacred. The article also sheds light as to whether the sacred can exist outside a religion. Faith forms the fundamental component of religion whereas experience is th e fundamental component of sacred. Religion is mainly based on the creed and doctrine of spiritual life. On the other hand, the sacred is the natural occurrences that are not influenced by human behavior, and that can be understood through science. Science cannot explain religion as it does explain the sacred. ReferenceFrank, A. (2012, January 20). Can Science Be Sacred? Retrieved January 30, 2015, from huffingtonpost.com/adam-frank/can-science-besacred_ b_1213082.html

Explain the relevance of marketing concept to the 21st century Essay

Explain the relevance of marketing concept to the 21st century business of Virgin Group - Essay Example In the case of Virgin Group, it can be observed that the overall goal of the organization is to partner with different business groups in order to create recognised brands. Therefore, the element of mutual relationship among the stakeholders involved is very important since it helps the partners involved to pull their resources towards the same direction. As such, the marketing concept that is suitable for this noble cause is relationship marketing since it is designed to improve the viability of the organization through unifying all the stakeholders involved in a certain business. This marketing concept is effective since it is oriented towards fulfilling the needs and wants of all the stakeholders involved in Virgin Group’s activities. Introduction The success of business in its operations mainly depends on the marketing concept adopted. As such, this paper seeks to evaluate the relevance of relationship marketing (RM) to the operations of Virgin Group which is regarded as t he 21st century business. The paper starts by describing above mentioned marketing concept and this is followed by a brief introduction of the chosen organization, Virgin Group. The main body of the paper will focus on explaining the relevance of the marketing concept to the 21st century business under spotlight. The main points discussed in the paper will be summarised in the conclusion. Description of the marketing concept Relationship marketing is described as the process of establishing, maintaining, enhancing and commercialising customer relationships so that the objectives of the parties involved are met Strydom (2004). Relationship marketing is particularly concerned with satisfying the customer needs and wants. During the contemporary period, it can be noted that markets are characterised by stiff competition such that it becomes imperative for the organisations to retain their customers in order for them to operate viably in the future, (Athanasopoulou N.D). This can be ach ieved through establishing quality relationships around services of the customer, suppliers and other stakeholders as well as their values. These stakeholders in business particularly the customers are the main component in the relationship mix. Concerted efforts ought to be taken in order to satisfy the needs of the customers which can lead to creation of loyalty among them. In case of Virgin Group, this strategy can go a long way in creating competitive advantage for the organization. The concept of relationship marketing often involves high customer involvement and contact whereby mutual understanding can be created among the parties involved. Strydom (2004) posits to the effect that relationship marketing is a continuous process. Essentially, the concept of relationship marketing evolved from transactional marketing in order to serve the interests of the customers profitably. The concept of relationship marketing is also centred on creation of value chain which will help the org anization to gain a competitive advantage if its products and services are regarded as more valuable than the ones offered by the other competitors in the same industry (Wang et al, 2004). Positive consumer perceptions about a product play a pivotal role in creating quality relati

Organizational profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational profile - Essay Example The Congress’ purpose behind the organization of FEMA is to work systematically by providing needed help to state and local governments in fulfilling their responsibilities toward the communities in distress. FEMA helps in making comprehensive disaster management plans. Different government agencies vide Executive Order 12127 were merged by the then President, Jimmy Carter in 1979 to perform different disaster management functions. The agencies absorbed in FEMA included the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration, the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD, and Civil defence responsibilities were also shifted to the new agency from the Defence Departments Defence Civil Preparedness Agency (FEMA, 2013). FEMA Corps, yet another partnership between FEMA and the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) was formed on March 13, 2012 by the White House with FEMA dedicated staff strength of 1,600 corps members within AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC), singularly for disaster readiness, action, and loss recovery (FEMA, 2013). The social initiative of this partnership is to boost the government’s disaster management calibre, heighten the dependability and variance of the disaster workforce, encourage the morality of service, widen education and economic uplifting of the adult population, and attain major cost-efficiencies for the American tax-payer. This program at its total functionality in an average disaster year provides a tax-saving of nearly $60 million a year (FEMA, 2013). When it comes to moral or ethical effects of FEMA’s social initiatives, the workforce focuses more on vulnerable communities – the poor and the marginalized who are at a greater risk